Thought Behind Things · Dec 23, 2022
Why Bilal Musharraf stayed in America washing his own clothes
Bilal Musharraf — Stanford MBA, Khan Academy founding team, former VP at Noon Academy — on why he refused to leverage his father's power, how nationalization destroyed Pakistan's non-profit sector, and why 63 million children are getting nothing from the education system.
with Bilal Musharraf
10 min read
From Rawalpindi to actuarial science to Stanford
The episode opens with Muzamil introducing Bilal Musharraf as someone he had met a couple of months earlier and immediately recognised as “a treasure chest of knowledge.” Bilal was born in Rawalpindi, did his intermediate at Cadet College Hasan Abdal in 1989, and left for the United States that same year — the first time he had ever lived outside Pakistan. The timing was accidental: his father, then a newly minted brigadier, was sent on a one-year course in London, and Bilal used the window to apply abroad rather than enrol at UET, where strikes had stretched bachelor’s programmes to seven years.
He started at the University of Miami on an academic scholarship, close to his aunt’s home, but transferred after two years to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign — a 50,000-student college town — because he wanted a more reputable degree. To cover room and board without a scholarship, he became a resident advisor in the dorms. He graduated in 1994 with a degree in actuarial science, which he explains simply: “The use of statistics and finance… on the liability side both are uncertain — frequency and magnitude — so you need to model both to get a guesstimate.” The entire insurance and pension industry, he notes, is built on that premise.
The deliberate choice not to come home
Muzamil presses Bilal on a question that sits at the centre of the early part of the conversation: his father went from brigadier in 1989 to Chief of Army Staff in 1999 to, within a year, one of the most powerful figures in the world post-9/11. Why did Bilal stay in Boston doing actuarial consulting and washing his own clothes?
“Bilkul logical decision hai,” Bilal says. “Woh waqt aa kar chala jaayega. Aapko kya pata nahi hai ke woh matlab ke — toh phir aap kya karenge? Who are you? You have to figure that out.” He was clear that returning to leverage proximity to power would have placed him inside “smoke and mirrors” — he would never have known what he was actually capable of. He adds, with deliberate understatement, that father-son relationships have their own dynamics, especially when the father is strong-willed, and that he needed to strive to figure things out for himself.
After five years in automobile insurance in Boston, he moved to actuarial consulting at Watson Wyatt Worldwide, doing pension and benefits plan work for Fortune 500 companies. He didn’t enjoy it either. When he visited Pakistan on holidays and tried to imagine returning, he realised that liability assessment work barely exists in a developing economy: “Jahan assets se hi na manage ho rahe hain toh liabilities bohot esoteric si baat hai.” That realisation pushed him toward an MBA — and toward Stanford.
The Stanford course that reframed everything
At Stanford, Bilal entered the MBA programme intending to move into venture capital. He took an elective in the history of US higher education, which led a professor to suggest he declare a joint degree in education — one extra course per semester and one extra semester. He agreed.
The course that had the most lasting impact was one on comparing institutional forms: government-funded organisations, for-profit businesses, and private non-profits, examined across social sectors like education, healthcare, culture, and media. The core argument was that each institutional type behaves differently by virtue of how management is held accountable and how employees are incentivised — and that sustainable social and economic development requires all three to function together.
Bilal uses Karachi and Islamabad as a local illustration. Karachi is all business: economic drive is phenomenal, people build services, structures, and institutions around human psychology. Islamabad is all development sector: “Bas log chai peete hain aur achhi achhi baatein karte hain but uska woh jo impact hai na woh bohot ek chhote se rugby mein.” Neither model works in isolation.
How nationalization destroyed Pakistan’s third sector
This is where the conversation becomes most pointed. Bilal argues that Pakistan actually inherited a functioning three-sector ecosystem at independence — foundations, trusts, religious and secular endowments running quality schools and hospitals. The damage came in the 1970s: “Riyasat not for profits par bhi aa kar baithi.” The state didn’t just nationalise businesses; it absorbed non-profit institutions into the bureaucracy, destroying their quality and autonomy.
His clearest example is FC College Lahore, where his father studied. By 1989 it had become, in Bilal’s words, “a really third rate college.” The turnaround came when the Presbyterian Church of the US, which had originally established the college, negotiated to inject fresh capital into the endowment and — crucially — remove all bureaucratic oversight. “Woh then hai aur phir aaj ka din hai ke woh phir college jo hai woh chaar chaand lag gaya because it had autonomy.” It is now ranked among the leading liberal arts universities in Asia.
The lesson Bilal draws is not about privatisation in the conventional sense: “It’s not your atypical privatization. You’re not gonna make money. The exchequer is not gonna make money.” The gain is institutional autonomy. Non-profits deliver two things the state structurally cannot: equity (reaching those the majority-focused government system ignores) and excellence (attracting endowments from high-net-worth individuals who want to give wealth away). Pakistan’s culture of private giving exists — diaspora communities in a single American city give millions of dollars annually to TCF, Edhi Foundation, and SIUT — but the legal and regulatory environment for non-profits has become so hostile that the mechanism to channel that giving institutionally has broken down.
Muzamil raises the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, which had been delegated non-profit certification by the FBR and built a credible due-diligence process over a decade. Bilal confirms it: “Zabardast kaam ho gaya.” But then establishment pressure arrived over concerns about foreign funding sources, and registration effectively stalled. His prescription is clear: innocent until proven guilty, with well-defined language about what constitutes a violation, a Pakistani citizen or diaspora member as guarantor, and open registration otherwise. “Aap diaspora ko apni development mein involve karenge.”
Khan Academy, Edmodo, and Noon — three different EdTech bets
After the financial crisis ended his venture capital career, Bilal switched into education. He had been using Khan Academy videos while in business school and started making Urdu translations of Sal Khan’s mathematics content in his evenings and weekends — “hafte mein teen chaar toh main nikaal leta tha.” A chance meeting with Sal Khan, who was still a one-man operation at the time, led to Bilal joining the founding team. Google provided a grant. Khan Academy was structured as a non-profit. “Toh woh kaam chalta raha. That was my first foray into edtech.”
The second company was Edmodo — a venture-backed for-profit startup Bilal describes as “a LinkedIn for teachers” that also allowed classroom management. The third was Noon Academy, a live mobile tutoring platform that started in Saudi Arabia, expanded into Egypt because most tutors were Egyptian, and then came to South Asia. “Pakistan is now the largest or the second largest user base for Noon.” The model works by convincing already-reputable after-school tutors to come online: “Within the first two years, we crossed 2,000,000 students, and we were doing it with 200 teachers. In Pakistan.”
The 63 million children getting nothing
By the time Muzamil asks about the current state of EdTech in Pakistan, Bilal has moved to Dubai and is working on what he calls a passion project: recreating Khan Academy’s full STEM, science, finance, and economics catalogue — 5,000 videos — in Urdu. At the time of recording, 3,100 had been completed, with the rest expected by the end of the following year. All of it is free, published on Khan Academy’s Urdu YouTube channel.
But the scale of the problem dwarfs any single project. Pakistan has 70 million school-age children. Twenty-three million are not in school at all. Of the remainder, roughly 20 million are in government schools receiving poor-quality education, and another 20 million are in low-cost private schools receiving similarly poor-quality education. “Teis par toh hum aise hi pahunch gaye.”
Bilal’s argument is that the existing EdTech market is mostly serving the top 10 percent — high school students preparing for board exams, CSS, or university entrance — and that this is not where the real problem lies. The real problem is mass-market primary education, and the current system is not future-proof even for those it does reach: “Ratta lagaya hua woh toh modern day mein chalega hi nahi. Abhi toh aaj jo AI ka system chal raha hai… yeh toh do dhai teen saal ki game hai ke uske andar technical skills toh irrelevant ho jaayengi. You need human human capabilities. You need thought in everything.”
His driver once asked him if there was anything on a smartphone he could give his child to bridge the gap between their children. Bilal couldn’t think of a single product to recommend — not because content doesn’t exist, but because none of it is designed around mass-market behaviour: “Aapne there are no real products jismein main kisi ek bande ko bata doon ke bhai tu yeh app download kar le.”
The solution he describes is a double pincer: high-quality asynchronous on-demand content on one side, scaled live online tutoring on the other. “Yeh dono agar aapas mein mil jaate hain toh aapne in essence quality education ubiquitous kar di.”
Islands, not the sea — on Pakistan’s future
Later in the discussion, Muzamil asks Bilal directly about Pakistan’s long-term trajectory and where its future leaders will come from. Bilal has travelled to 57 countries and lived in six. His view is that Pakistan’s problems are not unique among developing nations, and that the country has real assets: a deregulated telecom sector, a privatised media, and a young population.
On leadership, he is more circumspect. He describes a two-by-two matrix he developed to navigate conversations with people in powerful circles: one axis is empowerment (can you act on your convictions?), the other is conformity (do you believe things can change?). The people worth engaging with are empowered non-conformists — rare, but present. The system, he says, is actively producing the opposite: “I do feel like the system is making people disempowered and conformist.”
He closes with a story from Jim Collins’s Good to Great about Admiral Stockdale, the senior POW in a Vietnamese prison camp who maintained his own morale and that of his fellow prisoners through years of torture. When Collins asked him about optimism, Stockdale said: “The optimists did not survive that experience.” The ones who died were those who set specific dates — “by Christmas we’ll be home” — and broke when those dates passed. “Jo aapki jo aapke khwab aur umeedein hoti hain na, woh aap mathe par lekar hi ghoomte hain. Woh aap dil mein unko daba ke rakhte hain.”
By the end of the conversation, Bilal’s prescription for Pakistan is the same as his prescription for himself: stop trying to calm the whole sea, build islands, and trust that a critical mass of islands eventually does the work. “Work towards doing your part for the sea to calm down. Whether it will calm down, when it will calm down — is anyone’s guess.”
Full transcript
स्लामा कपितिनों से रात. Welcome back to another episode of Thought Man Things. आज मैं संभव जूद है एक बहुत ही ख़ास मेहमान जिनसे मेरी मोलाक़ात हुई around couple of months back और मैंने जब इनसे बात की तो पता लगा कि there's a there's an entire treasure chest of knowledge there and I thought, you know, I would love to expand on that. In this, in a podcast मैंने उनको invite किया and he graciously accepted बिलाल मुशरफ़ साहब. He was the former vice president of Noon Academy. He has a lot of experience on the education and the EdTech space as well as उससे पहले I believe capital markets and insurance अनुसाई पर आप थे. हां, शुरू मैंने actuarial profession में की, फिर graduate school के बाद मैं education technology में आ गया. Khan Academy was my first forte. Was part of the founding team and then Yeah, and we're going to expand more on that as well for a lot of people. Obviously, when you're looking at the name, he is the son of the former president and the chief of our minister of Pakistan, परवेद मुशहराफ़ साहब. But, yes, thank you so much बेलाल भाई for being part of the conversation. Thank you for having me. मैं conversation को start करूंगा. Just trying to understand a little bit about your early life. Where were you born? Education कहां बिली and what was life like growing up?
I was born in the Twin City. मैं राहुल पिंडी की मेरी पैदाइश है. वह शहर जिसके बारे में इस्लामबाती Then intermediate मैंने credit college हासुनम्दाल से किया था. अच्छा.
कौन सी year में? '89. '89. And then what where'd you go for university?
For my bachelor's, I went to University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign. अच्छा. Was
that a random sort of decision? Were you guys always in Pakistan या उससे पहले आपका कभी हुआ था छुप्का लगा था बाहर का? कभी नहीं लगा था. तो
इत्तफ़ाक़ ऐसा हुआ मेरे father की कभी बाहर posting नहीं हुई थी लेकिन इत्तफ़ाक़ ऐसा हुआ जिस साल मैंने enter किया है, उस साल मेरे father, was a brigadier at that time. So he was sent for a one year course एक होता है RCDS का London में. तो he was sent for that one year course. So I went along with the family and वह ज़माना ऐसा था eighties का कि बहुत strikes लगा रहा होती थी campuses से. So I was I got admission in UET. But the class that year, it had taken them seven years to complete their bachelor's. तो मैंने वाले साहब को हुई. Pitch दी कि भाई एक तो बहुत बहुत लगेगा मुझे वहां से ख़त्म करने में. और दूसरा, you know, I wanted to go as well to The US to study. So, it was, you know, it was a big decision for him. मेरे चचा रहते थे America में तो, I ended up applying and I went to The US while my family came back. और उसमें degree आपने कौन सी की थी? Actuarial science. अच्छा, what's what's that? It's basically the use of statistics and finance. वह जहां apply होता है वह liability assessment, financial liability assessment के लिए होता है क्योंकि on the asset side तो आपकी जो cash flows की frequency है और उनका जो magnitude है वह reasonably you have sure होता है. लेकिन on the liability side दोनों uncertain होते हैं. Frequency है तो उसके लिए आपको दोनों को modeling करने की ज़रूरत पड़ती है ताकि आपको एक guesstimate मिल जाए कि हां जी मोटा मोटा यह आपको loss उस पर पूरी पूरी insurance industry उस premise पर based है वह फिर घुमाकर उसको product के तौर पर बेचती है. इसी तरह pension plans इस तरह चलते हैं. जहां भी financial liability involved है वहां actuaries involved है. So just basically just to understand in a in a simpler context. Mhmm. अगर
पचास हज़ार लोगों ने insurance ली भी है और उसमें से हमें नहीं पता कि अगले साल accidents कितने होंगे? Right. तो आप एक sort of कोई financial model बनाएंगे कि यार on average accidents जो होते हैं वह इतने percent लोगों के होते हैं. On average उसकी यह cost आती है छोटा accident से लेकर बड़ा accident and so at least अगर अब दस पचास हज़ार लोगों ने ली भी है तो हमें let's say at 500 rupees इतना capital gather करना है कि जिसके अंदर हमारा वह coverage भी हो जाएगी estimated और उसके ऊपर हम एक sort of premium eight, nine, 20% हम अपना I don't know कितना होता है इस industry का but वह भी हम ले सकते हैं. Is that correct? You've nailed it. Right. Before I go to the education, the the higher education उससे आगे वाला part, how do you see Pakistan growing up eighties का? Because if I understand this correctly, after '89 when you dept for your for your bachelor's, तो you were in The US and you know, outside of Pakistan for most part up until now? Yeah, '89 के बाद मैं America में था. तो उससे पहले का Pakistan growing up कैसा था? How was seventies and eighties and? Wonderful wonderful,
wonderful memories. Eighties were actually a nice time for to grow up even though हमें बाद में थोड़ा शायद सुनने में आया कि नहीं वह शायद शायद रिहासत इस क़िस्म के फ़ैसले कर रही थी जिसका हमारे ऊपर बुरा असर पड़ेगा मुस्तखत्व में लेकिन उस वक्त हमें अंदाज़ा नहीं था उस बात का. हम लोग तो काफी हंसीखुशी पले बड़े. अच्छा, I am a 1990 born ना. तो मुझे तो बड़ा एक sort of
the way that I have been told, वह ऐसे आता है कि eighties तो बड़ा demonic सा time था और बड़ा suffocating सा time था. Was that true? No no, it wasn't. We had fifty fifty. We had नाज़िया ज़ोहेब.
We had vital signs. We had जुनून. It was a fantastic time. अच्छा. And
going to The US in 1989.
उसमें मैं एक बात कहना चाहूंगा और वह यह कि कुछ चीज़ें होती है ना कि क्योंकि हमारे यहां consistency नहीं होती policy की. So वह जो blowback हमें महसूस हुआ as a civil society जो कि मुझे बाद में महसूस हुआ, वह यह था कि भई there was no doubt कि the the state was kind of playing ball with, elements that were unsavory for the fabric of civil society. Right. लेकिन because it was continuing to act as an interlocutor between civil society and these non state actors तो हमें civil society नहीं महसूस हो रहा था. Right. इतना नहीं महसूस हो रहा था. लेकिन फिर मैं यह नहीं कह रहा कि उसके बाद जो लोग आए उन
and you felt it. Right. वरना आप उनको तो अगर आपने veen off भी करना था तो आप थोड़ा सा ज़्यादा strategic तरीके से veen off कर सकते थे,
उन उन non street actress को. Yeah, जो camera है I mean, watch fifty fifty and you like, हर किस्म की लोगों के चपेड़ें पड़ रही थीं. हां,
right, makes sense. So 1989 you go to The US alone, dorms, you know, how was that experience and मतलब what was that evolution? Again, eighties के Pakistan से आप सीधा America land करते हैं.
Yeah yeah, so initially तो मैं अपनी खाला के घर रहा, you know, again cost was a factor, you know, managing, keeping costs down, you know. But एक वक़्त आया. मैंने actually मैं शुरू में एक और university गया था, University of Miami गया था, जो मेरी खाला के घर के बिल्कुल साथ थी. तो उन्होंने academic scholarship भी दी थी. तो that's, that was a priority. But two years into that I realized I didn't want to graduate from there. इतनी कोई नामीगरामी university नहीं थी. तो फिर मैंने अपने sophomore year, second year में transfer करी, apply करी और फिर मैं Urbana champagne आ गया. वहां Urbana champagne में मुझे academic scholarship नहीं मिली. तो then I had to use others. So then I was actually a resident advisor in the dorms to save on room and boards. That was a very different experience, dorm experience, you know. Huge university, पचास हज़ार students की. अच्छा. University थी. Was that a college town या वह एक शहर है उसके अंदर ही एक university? Yeah yeah, it's a college town. Urbana and Champagne are two towns put together and the university dominates both.
Interesting. So you graduate in 1993, four years program? '94. '94. '92, एक साल मैंने झाकुमारा. अच्छा. जो आप लोग UK गए हुए थे basically. Right? And उसके बाद how how do you start your career? और इसके अंदर मैं if I were to ask you because जो यह वाला part है ना अगले दस, बारह, पंद्रह साल का because मेरे लिए यह वाला एक human element बड़ा interesting है. Mhmm. Because you left home and you were studying, you know, in America and then eventually working in America.
And before that in boarding school, I was away from home. You were away from from home for a while. While
there were these massive changes happening, country में तो चले irrelevant but within your family as well. Right? And so, what what was your father's rank at the time and did you think that was it a thing in the family that he'll go he's going to be a general and a chief eventually? No. No. No. Not at all. You know? We I, I come from a proverbial महाजार family. So, anyways, I don't consider myself that. Born and raised in the country, feel very passionate about it and I feel, you know, very grateful to this country.
So, हमारी तो कहानी यही है कि जी, grandparents जब आए यहां पर और उनको literally एक quarter issue हुआ जहां यह लोग रहते थे जिसका दरवाज़ा भी नहीं था एक सुराख था और bathroom एक जिसमें plumbing भी नहीं थी और फिर जैसे जैसे रिश्तेदार आते रहे, एक वक्त आया कि यह लोग अट्ठाईस लोग एक quarter में थे. अच्छा. और वह किस तरह तैयार होते थे और कहां पर जाते थे? कोई पता नहीं. अब उस situation में credit goes to my grandparents कि उन्होंने खाली एक चीज़ जिस पर तबज्जों दी और क्योंकि दोनों काम करते थे मेरे दादा दादी, वह बच्चों की तालीन थी. That's it. Time पर वह किस चीज़ में काम करे? इस industry में काम? Government में थे या? Yeah, my grandfather was with in the foreign office but not any high level. He was like a I would say clerkish job. मेरी grandmother जो थी उन्होंने Pakistan customs में job किया. Right.
But they made sure that all the kids were educated and Yeah.
And the big break came because कुछ सालों बाद nineteen fifties में मेरे grandfather की posting होगी अंकारा Turkey and that's this is when when my father was in his elementary school years, you know. तो यह लोग मेरे खाल में छह सात साल rate fifties में ये लोग turkey में थे. तो that was pretty interesting for for the family. Right. उनको exposure मिल गया, you know, पढ़ाई भी अच्छी. हालांकि मेरा नहीं ख्याल यह लोग school जाते थे. मैंने काफी किस्सा सुना है. इन्होंने मेरी grandmother ने एक tutor रख ली थी, German tutor. अच्छा. जो आकर घर पर इनको Mathematics पढ़ाती थी. अच्छा. और इसी वजह से मैं father की Maths बहुत अच्छी थी. तो anyways यह फिर fifties का Turkey से फिर यह वापस आ गए. भाई ने फिर मुख्तलिफ चीज़ की. Anyway
हां, so so I mean it wasn't you didn't expect you weren't one of those short folks. Right right, so yeah, so
not at all. So वह तो मैं जब मैं America गया हूं तो my father was a newly minted brigadier in the army, right? तो बिल्कुल वैमोगुमान में नहीं ना and you know आजकल one doesn't acknowledge that but I want to really call out the institution for for for grooming folks and because 89 में एक newly minted brigadier, 99 में chief of army staff दस सालों में और posting बहुत जल्दी जल्दी हो रही थी और ऐसी कोई बात नहीं कि जी आपका कोई ज़बरदस्त कोई network है या कुछ ऐसी कोई बात नहीं थी. माना कि जी core commander से when it comes down to the final position there are other considerations but before that तो चल रहा है ना system चल रहा है. Meritocracy पर चल रहा और OCP.
Anyway, so you you you go to the हां, so you graduate and actuarial science में आपने graduate किया. What was your first job?
Yeah, so I got a job in the in the automobile insurance industry. Right. Makes sense. Yeah, in Boston, Massachusetts. So, मैं Urbana Champaign से graduate किया और फिर मैं उधर move कर गया. और Boston move कर गया. और जो normal कार्रवाई होती है एक साल student visa पर, फिर उसके बाद H1B पर दो साल की sponsorship काम की, फिर उससे बाद दोबारा. फिर फिर शादी होगी मेरी. Wife मेरी जो थी lumps की पड़ी हुई. Then she came over and and at the stage, you know, again I didn't expect कि मेरे father जो हैं वह army chief वन जाएंगे. उससे पहले तो मेरा game plan यही था कि मैं कुछ ऐसे काम करूंगा. जो मेरी तालीम में एक investment हुई है, वह मैं recoup करूंगा. मैं वापस चला जाऊंगा. That was my game plan. You didn't want to stay in The US for the long term? No. Why not? I always felt very पाकिस्तानी. Yeah, I didn't really feel like I would, I didn't really go abroad to, I just went abroad to get a decent education.
Mhmm.
तो वह जब हो गया तो वह थोड़ा मुझे मामला फिर मुझे लगा यह complicate हो गया मेरे लिए क्योंकि I mean I still felt like I had a lot of professional and personal growing up to do and so did my wife. So, हम दोनों ने अच्छी बात यह थी कि शादी हो चुकी थी. दोनों हम middle बैठकर फ़ैसला कर सकते थे कि यह ज़िंदगी कैसे गुज़ारनी है. तो यह हमने decide किया कि अभी जैसी ज़िंदगी चली वह भी काम कर रही थी. मैं भी काम कर रहा था हमने कहा, इसी तरह चलते रहते हैं.
For a lot of people, I mean your father has just been made the chief. Mhmm. And then two years later has been made the two years later then I don't know. Next year. Next year. Made then. We don't have to talk about it. We don't have to talk about it but you know he is now the most powerful man in Pakistan possibly one of the top 10 most powerful people in the world at the time post war on terror. I mean यह बड़ी normalcy बात है इसमें कोई वह नहीं है कि बंदा सोचे कि यार मैं America में क्या कर रहा हूं? एक insurance की job कर रहा हूं, क्या खुआरी भी होती है, सारा कपड़े भी खुद धोने पड़ते हैं. Pakistan चला जाता हूं, you know, life will just be seemingly be much more easier. There would be a lot more opportunity. You didn't do that? Why'd you decide to stay out and not actually pursue opportunities when it would have been very easy for you at the time.
बिल्कुल logical decision है. इसमें कोई मैं नहीं कहूंगा इसमें कोई कोई nobility या कुछ है क्योंकि वह भई वह वह वक्त आकर चला जाएगा. आपको पता है वह वक्त क्या आकर चला जाएगा? आपको क्या पता नहीं है कि वह मतलब कि तो फिर आप क्या करेंगे? हां. Who are you? You have to figure that out और वह तो आप अपने आपको ऐसी situation में डाल रहे हैं जिसमें you know, वह क्या है? Smoke and mirrors इस situation में डाल रहे हैं. आपको तो ही पता नहीं होगा कि आप कौन हैं? आपके साथ असल में क्या हो रहा है?
So you wanted to make sure that you became your own man, sort of a मतलब यार rather you had substance,
enough substance que you don't have to rely on anything else? I mean, I'll just say, like, I, yeah, I felt energy. I had to figure things out for myself. I mean, perhaps part of it has to do with the fact that, you know, father son relationships are like that, you know, also. Especially if you have a father who's, you know, a strong willed person तो और आपकी उस क़िस्म की personality नहीं है. Mhmm. मैं इतना ही कहूंगा. तो तो फिर आपको महसूस होता है कि फिर मैं, you know, I really need to, like, strive to figure it out. Makes sense.
कितनी तरह से आपने insurance industry में काम किया?
मैंने फिर पांच साल उधर काम किया, फिर मैंने job change किया और मैं consulting में आ गया. अच्छा. कौन से year में? This was 2000.
ठीक है. Yeah, actually '99, 2000 year. And what sort of management consulting?
No, this was actuarial consulting. Right. It was a company, उज़माने में उसका नाम था Watson White Worldwide और उसका ticker symbol था w w w. अब तो इतनी acquisitions हो चुकी हैं. पता नहीं आजकल उसका क्या नाम है? मेरे ख्याल में Towers Watson है, पता नहीं क्या है? But it did pension benefits plan consulting for Fortune 500 companies. Right.
And how long did you work in that? Another five years. Did you like this work?
No no no. Inventory भी यही हुआ कि मुझे मैं Pakistan जब छुट्टियों पर आता था, यह कोशिश करता था पता करूं यह मैं इधर आकर अब मैं रहूं, किधर क्या काम करूंगा? तो मुझे यह अंदाज़ा हो गया कि जो liability assessment का काम है ना, यह तो बहुत fringes पर है. एक developing या under developed आप कहें economy में actuaries का काम तो बिल्कुल liability assessment का काम तो मोटा नहीं है काम और जहां assets से ही ना manage हो रहे हैं तो liabilities बहुत esoteric सी बात है. तो मुझे एहसास हो गया थी यहां पर यह ठीक नहीं है. तो फिर मैंने MBA का फ़ैसला कर लिया. And I in 2004 I applied. In 2005 I went to graduate school. I did a business degree and I ended up doing an education degree. From? I went to Stanford. अच्छा.
So you entered into a business degree, and you end up doing an education degree. Why the shift?
Because, I wanted to go completely on the other side of liability assessment, and I wanted to be where I thought economic value really gets created, which is venture capital and entrepreneurship. And of course, number one choice for me was Stanford. तो जब वह MBA का program शुरू हुआ तो मैंने पहले ही अच्छा ख्याल क्या था? ख्याल यह था कि I want to figure out कि venture capital चला किस तरह? पहले दिन से थोड़ी था America में. जब शुरू हुआ, किस तरह शुरू हुआ? तो मैंने एक एक course लिया पहले semester में ही. As an elective I took it, the history of US higher education. क्योंकि उसके पीछे ख़याल यह था कि you know it's actually really applied research that's coming out of higher education that gets commercialized. तो मैंने वह जो course लिया तो मुझे मेरे professor ने बताया कि you know अगर तुम्हारा इस side पर interest है, अगर Stanford कुछ areas में joint degrees offer करता है. तो अगर तुम declare कर दो तो यह तो दोनों तरफ count हो जाएंगी. तो and the joint degree options were in education, they were in law and they were in public policy. तो मैंने फिर declare कर दिया. तो that just required me taking one extra course every semester and staying for one extra semester.
And उसमें किस तरह के I mean education degree में? क्या किस तरह की courses थे?
यही कि the economics of higher education, I mean I had a lot of latitude in terms of मैं कौन से courses लेता and one of the courses that really had probably the most profound impact on me higher was in this joint degree program. I'm teeing it up for you.
What was, क्या था वह जानने में? बताया.
Which was basically the the the title of the course was comparing institutional forms.
Ok. What does that mean?
And it was about comparing कि government funded organizations and for profit businesses and private non profits. यह तीनों जो हैं and the course took students through looking at these different kinds of institutions in social sectors like education, healthcare, culture, media and talking about then कि यह यह जानवरी मुख्तलिफ है क्योंकि अगर आप इस जानवर को जब आप इन तीनों को डालते हैं ना education में यह किस तरह behave करते हैं? Education, उसमें healthcare में डालेंगे किस तरह? Because उनके by virtue of just by virtue of how the management is held accountable and how employees are incentivized, वह they behave very differently and जैसे English में कहते हैं it takes two to tango. It actually takes three to tango in terms of ensuring that that a country or an ecosystem Cohesives के काम करते हैं. Evolves sustainably both socially and economically. Right.
इसके ऊपर बड़ा critique आता है. हर एक module को आता है. अगर हम for profit की बात करें तो जिस तरह अस्पताल है, shift hospital है तो हर बंदा कहते doctors तो बस पैसे कमाने के लिए करते हैं type. Government hospitals की बात आती है तो वह उसमें यह आ जाता है कि यार यह तो nobody really cares, बस इकसास होता रहा हुआ है, quality of service is really bad. Nonprofits की बात आती है तो nonprofits का again वही है कि यार यह तो sustainable ही नहीं है. You know, आप बस जाए ना जाकर donor money से चले जा रहे हो. कब तक चल जाओगे? वैसे आपने जो areas identify किया उसमें हमें होती हुई चीज़ें नज़र भी आती हैं. Education में भी करें तो private education भी है, government education भी है, TCF जैसे दारे भी हैं जो काम कर रहे हैं. But अगर हम overall देखें मैं इसको इस तरह ना कराची और इस्लाहाबाद में फ़र्क़ देखूंगा कि कराची is all about business, right? So, so in a way the economic drive that there's that's there is just phenomenal, right? आप वहां जाते हो वहां पर, people they don't complain. They know how things work. वह human psyche के around करके उन्होंने पैसा बनाना है तो वह services भी बना देंगे, structures भी बना देंगे, institutions भी खड़े कर देंगे. स्लाहवाद is all development sector and so यहां पर बस लोग चाय पीते हैं और अच्छी अच्छी बातें करते हैं but उसका वह जो impact है ना वह बहुत एक छोटे से रग्बे में तो everybody feels good about themselves but it's not really, you know, reaching out to the masses. And so दोनों models अगर stand alone में देखें तो वह थोड़ा weird से ही लगते हैं. How do you see? जो आपने यह बात बोली आपने कहा कि तीन different हैं. दिनों को तीनों को साथ मिलकर चलना पड़ेगा और तीनों को उसके हिसाब से जो है वह एक parents लेकर आऐंगे. What do you mean by that?
What I mean by that is कि actually शहरों को I mean there's generally now a global consensus emerging, you know, smart city initiatives. Actually, the the countries that are really thriving have prioritized their metropolises to become very dynamic, zones, geographic zones in which which are inclusive. You know, आप आप अगर जाएं London जाएं, आप San Francisco, Bay Area आएं, आप New York जाएं, आप Amsterdam जाएं, आप Copenhagen जाएं. अब आप जाएं कि जहां शहरों में एक तो social inclusivity है, फिर economic competitiveness है, ideals हैं. तो यह मुख्तलिफ क़िस्म के इदारे होते हैं जो हर need को cater कर रहे होते हैं. अगर government funded इदारा है उसका तो mandate है कि majority का ख्याल रखे. I mean if it's a democratic dispensation, democratic ना भी हो लेकिन pressure होता है कि अक्सरियत जो है वह मुत्मईन हो. तो जो government funded इदारे हैं वह वह काम करेंगे. वह वह लेकिन नहीं कर सकते. Necessarily सबसे efficient या idealistic काम ही नहीं कर सकते और वह इसका मतलब यह नहीं कि वह हर जगह यही कहानी है. Medium term. Medium term. The shortest term is for profit business. Very responsive, very cut throat. Cut वह efficiency deliver करते हैं. क्या उन्होंने cost को कम करनी है और revenue बढ़ाना है. Very market responsive. They'll, you know, slash jobs whenever they need to. Hopefully if you if the the rule of law is strong, then they'll stay within the bounds. The danger is rule of law is not strong. They will transcend that. तो आप private sector business पर छोड़ दें वो काम, economic value recognize करना और efficiency declare करना और वो फिर government को भी मुतास्तर करती है अपनी functioning में कि अगर वही काम जो government कर रही है वो उनसे बेहतर और efficiently कम कम दामों में कर रहे हैं तो फिर government को भी अपने ऊपर pressure पड़ता है. फिर तीसरे पर आ जाते हैं. जब आपकी wealth create हो रही है you have to have that instrument that wealth private wealth be given away. Andrew Carnegie की किताब है. Private power for the public good. Right. America बना ही उस पर. America तुक्के से एक ऐसा मोल था जिस पर जो क्योंकि बर्तनिया की बाचार के खिलाफ बना तो इस basis पर बना गया कि भई हमारी citizenry को बेहतर पता है अपने हालात का. तो हम tax नहीं देंगे. हम अब खुद ही बेहतर जाते हैं. तो वह इत्तेफ़ाक़ से वह सिलसिला चलता रहा तो the tax regime was very very relaxed. So जब अमरीका में जब when trade shifted World War two और World War one even but World War two in particular, so and the multi, the new multi billionaires emerged in America, they had complete latitude with what they did with their wealth. So you had the Rockefellers and the Fords and the Andrew Carnegie's, जिन्होंने फिर universityयां बनाई, जिन्होंने hospital बनाई, जिन्होंने libraries बनाई, जिन्होंने public parks बनाई और उन्होंने America को within a decade और यह मैंने हमें पढ़ाया गया. The golden decade of American higher education is nineteen forty five to nineteen fifty five. जबकि FDR की हकूमत ने World War two के बाद फ़ैसला किया कि भई जो भर्तियों के लोग वापस आए हैं, जंग तो खत्म होगी. अब इनको GI bill pass किया, you can go to school and the government will pay for your higher education. दूसरी तरफ supply side पर हालांकि universities like Stanford and MIT were doing most of their research, pretty much all of it for the government. Whether it was healthcare oriented or, or defense oriented. हकूमत ने यह नहीं कहा कि जी आप तो अब हो जाए ना आप हमारी. उस पर पल रहे हैं. The government didn't do that. The government remained need blind and said कि जी जिसकी तरफ से भी grant, polls अच्छा आएगा हम उसको पैसे देंगे. तो आज भी Stanford को अस्सी fees research dollars state की तरफ से आ रहे हैं. लेकिन it's a private non profit university. So that decade led to a boom in higher education. Amazing universities emerged in The US.
जब यह US का model देखते हैं particularly, तो इसके ऊपर काफ़ी लोग कहते हैं. I mean, in a simplistic way तो फिर यही समझ आता है कि यार, you know, hard core capitalism. Let people do what they do best and they will then create wealth for your country. More often than not, हमें देखा है Pakistan जैसी country में वह applicable नहीं होता because I am sorry, America की यह कहानी but finish your thought then that's Yeah. I mean, that's the thought and so you can sort of guide me on that. But, Pakistan जैसी country के अंदर जब आप जैसे ही आप space देना शुरू करते हैं आपके businessman को तो आपको realize होता है कि अच्छा they're not investing, they're not building those universities, they're not, they have that opportunity. Maybe Americans at the time when the World War two had ended, there was not a lot happening in the world where they were like कि चलो हम वहां पर जाए कर लेते हैं पाकिस्तानी case में. जैसे ही boom cycle आता है तो a lot of wealth goes and gets parked in Dubai and London and other global capitals and Pakistan is a backyard for playing their games sort of. And so फिर आप कहते हो कि अच्छा जी government structures लगाए, controls लगाए, but वह controls लगाती है तो वह फिर again innovation, drive, ease of doing business वह सारा सारा मसला करता है. So how do you compare the two seemingly very different economic cultures, I would say?
I would say, you know, in America's case, it was, I think, by chance, they inherited a system which allowed for the circulation of wealth or the velocity of wealth to be, to be circulated, you know. हमारे case में actually, सही चल रहा था इख़िलास से निज़ाम in the sense कि हमें विर्से में कई इदारे ऐसे मिले जो वक्त चला रहे थे up until the seventies. What do mean by वक्त? Foundations, trusts, private trusts, whether religious or secular. So non profit essentially type. Yeah high quality you know they were running. There were educational institutions. There were hospitals. अब हुआ यह के अभी तो मेरे ख्याल में इत्तफाके रहे इस बात पर कि जी nationalization जो हुई seventies की that was really not good for the economy. So all political parties tend to support a privatization commission that we have to privatize, you know, to make. जिस चीज़ के बारे में बात नहीं की जाती, वह यह है कि ख़ाली रियासत business पर आकर नहीं बैठी. रियासत not for profits पर भी आकर बैठकर. तो you know your HSNs and your Canades, your you know, all these, they were also brought under the bureaucracy. जिसकी वजह से उनकी quality बहुत error होगी. Case in point, my father went to FC College Lahore and when I finished high school inter, FC College, Lahore was not the place you went to. You know, it was like a really third rate college. तो हुआ यह कि, you know, I just was in '89 and it was a really decent college up until, you know, the sixties and it has a long history. It has produced a Nobel laureate who did his research there and then went back to England. तो come February, the Presbyterian Church of the US which had originally established and approached the executives और इत्तेफ़ाक़ से उनको कई FC college के लोग जो थे forminites, they found them in executive authority. सोन ने कहा कि जी मेहरबानी करें. आप यह तो college का तो बेटा दर्क हो चुका है. But what we are going to do is we are going to inject fresh capital into the endowment. We will attract good faculty but completely remove all bureaucratic oversight of this college. So an executive decision was made to do that. वह then है और फिर आज का दिन है कि वह फिर college जो है वह चार चांद लग गया because it had autonomy. It became a private not for profit entity. It attracted good faculty. It's, I believe it's ranked as among the top or like leading liberal arts universities in Asia at this point. We have a test case कि so it's not your atypical privatization. You're not gonna make money. The exchequer is not gonna make money. Mhmm. But it stands to gain from now removing that oversight, giving autonomy. क्योंकि आपने तो both on the not for profit दारा जो है वह क्या deliver करते हैं आपकी ecosystem को एक तरफ वह deliver करते हैं equity. क्योंकि आपका जो आपके जो government के दारे हैं not because they are bad or whatever, am just going to say, by definition they are going to take care of the majority. They are not designed to take care of the minority. They are just not. They can't. They don't have capacity. तो कौन ख्याल रखेगा? तो it is the not for profit sector that moves in and takes care of equity, addresses equity through donations, you know. Then on the other side is excellence. You know, some some high net worth individual will, will give their capital away. Now to your point के हमारे क्यों नहीं होता? हमारा culture नहीं है. क्योंकि उसमें हमारी गलतियां हैं. क्योंकि जब हमने किया, हमने nationalize किया, जिन्होंने अपनी सारे wealth दिए, I went to सादिक public school बहावलपुर अब. बहावलपुर के नवाब, मेरे ख्या उन्होंने अपना उन्होंने नहीं दिया था. It was his NED. You know, like was it, these are endowments that were given by individuals. They are now public sector almost, you know, entities. So, that should not have happened. I think, I mean, I feel very strongly that I hope the day comes where we say this will never happen. The parliament passes a law and say कि अगर आपने दे दिए हैं और यह आपका है and it's just like it can't be. It will be, you know, it is your legacy and your legacy is protected by the state. That should happen. So, then you ensure that the the wealthy and the middle class and the everyone is aligned towards, a stake in the well-being of the country. Makes sense.
Media में हम देखते हैं कि media में भी हमें इस तरह के similar एक वह नज़र आता है. Either you have the public funded or यह मेरी भी recently बात हुई थी with someone and you know he was, he is from the media as well. So वह उन्होंने इसके ऊपर, again he was of the opinion that the way that the media model works, it's bound to fail और वह उसमें उन्होंने यही कहा हुआ था. उनके उसमें case में यह था कि उन्होंने मिसाल दी. पहला उन्होंने कहा कि digital media comparatively disruptor as a disruptor सामने आ रहा है because वहां पर incentivization different है वरना जो अभी mainstream media है वह या government के पास है जिस case में government जो है वह आपको बस यही बताती रहेगी कि Pakistan का great scene है और you know and used as a political tool sometimes here and there. यह private sector है जो बहुत agenda driven है क्योंकि वह एक एक lead capture है, उस lead capture में camps हैं और फिर वह again even not just in Pakistan, even globally भी US में भी यही मसले चल रहे हैं और हमें होता हुआ नज़र आ रहा है. तो जो आपका model है of potential third force, उसमें do you think media का भी एक potential solution निकाला जा सकता है और वह potential solution किस तरह निकाला जा सकता है? उन साहब से जब मेरी बात हुई तो उन्होंने मुझे कहा उन्होंने BBC की मिसाब दी कि जी BBC जो है वह public funded है. अच्छा BBC का I don't know to be honest I haven't lived in The UK or know much about it specially BBC World तो as a foreign policy tool but अगर मैं local BBC की बात करूं तो I don't know कि वह कितना अच्छा कितना बुरा perform करता है. But do you think there is a model that we have that has worked where news as a medium to inform can work in a sustainable way without having to constantly, you know, आपने बस सिर्फ़ क्योंकि अगर तन्वियार में लोगों ने करने की कोशिश भी की तो the fact is कि there are a lot of other things ना? Constant breaking news लगाकर, constant negativity बेचकर, अगर negative news नहीं है तो inform करने वाला तो एक अच्छी बात ही बताएगा लेकिन if consumer is tailored to look for that negative news तो फिर तो वह फिर construct करेंगे negative news one way or the other. So is it even possible to have a sustainable third model in the media?
Yeah, I mean that's I mean ALC के you know ठीक है BBC के हैं skewness के biases but उसका जो model that के हकूमते वक्त का उस पर coercive influence mitigate किया जाता है क्योंकि बारह साल में एक दफा budget set होता है, I believe. And its governing body has a mix of people. So, उसका तो that allows it more autonomy. Right. And but there are other entities also. Germany की है news reporting agencies so जहां privatize जहां यह value की जाती है चीज़ independent opinion. तो जहां इस चीज़ को value किया जाता है तो उसके आप results देखते हैं, उसकी credibility है. लोग, there's a reason why people will prefer listening to the BBC than their own local news source. And there are new models emerging as well which are kind of membership based, like, जहां journalists लिखते हैं, and you have to be a member, you have to subscribe to it. There are also newspapers that have a lot of credibility. I mean, there's a reason why, Edward Snowden or others will release their documents to certain newspapers. उनकी इज़्ज़त है ना, इसीलिए हो रहा है ना. तो even though they are private and they are for profit but they are like they become, they have some institutional integrity because of which they are operating. हमारे context में यह हम कर सकते हैं आगे. I mean there are I mean I would say like अगर public sector की contribution हो सकती है जैसे England में की गई BBC बनाने में अगर हम करना चाहते हैं बजाय बजाय इसके के public media जो है वह एक mouthpiece वन जाए. हम उस उस space को में ही अपने जो credible आवाज़ें हैं हमारे अंदर उसको थोड़ी सी दें, space दें. For example, what if PTV gave space to ED foundation? To just broadcast live the things they are doing. Just take the camera around. Catastrophes होती हैं हमारे भी सलाह हुए इतने. लोग तंग आ जाते हैं वह टिक्कर like देख देख के like but like non dramatized just flow of information of what some people are going through welfare, people that people know, trust. Something very meaningful. So I think it would, it would benefit us to see the vantage point of certain credible non profits like I'll just without any, Ice like you know, ED foundation, A Khan foundation, अखूवत इनके इनकी lens से हमें देखे ना कि हमारा मौशा दरअसल है कैसा? तो यह किया जा सकता है. But of course in the long run then if if we to least recognize the importance of institutional heterogeneity then we allow for the creation of make it easier
for the creation of non profits. फिर आप देखेंगे कि कैसे wealth create एक तो wealth create होने की भी इजाज़त हो और फिर give it away. Right. Non profit के ऊपर अगर इसी उसमें and I am going to move towards the EdTech part straight up after that. मेरे इसमें दो सवाल आऐंगे आपसे. पहला तो यह है कि Pakistan में एक बड़ा problem चल रहा है non profits का because of the geopolitics that came into play early twenty tens के अंदर. जिसकी वजह से एक तो cynicism भी है in the public, particularly in the North Western Side. But also legally भी जो है ना एक बड़ा वह है कि, you know, getting them registered is a is is a huge problem now. Even within the government there's cynicism कि your non profits तो are just, a lobbying tool essentially. What do you think about that first of all? क्योंकि यह बहुत damaging है Pakistan कि इस पूरा आपने इस तरह कहा कि पूरा vertical है और वह vertical functioning of the state के लिए बड़ा important है. दूसरा मेरा सवाल यह आएगा कि a lot of people say कि हम यह बहुत सुनते हैं कि Pakistan is one of the most charitable nations in the world. But while that's true, there's also that issue that पाकिस्तानी state does not have a lot of sovereignty and a lot of strength simply because of the fact वह chicken and egg problem है. The state doesn't have enough money to provide better services. वह जो corruption वाला, मान्त्रा है, मैं उसको दो minute side पर रखूंगा. The state doesn't have enough money to provide good valuable services to the public. The public doesn't, find कि जो state की services aren't good enough and therefore they don't trust the state, therefore they don't pay the taxes. And so there is an alternate economy that literally exists जहां पर, you know, दफ़्तर खौन से भी लग रहे हैं, खाना भी मिल रहा है, लंगर भी चल रहे हैं, education भी. I mean, it almost seems like कि state तो वैसे ही Pakistan में entertainment के लिए क्योंकि by and large upper middle and above को आप देखते हैं उनसे बात करते हैं तो उनका taxes वाकिस तो site पर होते हैं, state का निजाम तो site पर होता है, mostly भाईचारे पर चल रहा है यह मुल्क. You know, like you have all these foundations and this and that who are doing and they're doing phenomenal work. But the fact is कि you can't just keep on extrapolating that sector and expect that sector to work in isolation and and solve all of your problems. I'm छोटी सी मिसाल देता हूं. जब यह flood आया अभी recently. So I spoke to someone from the region and I asked them कि क्या चल रहा है? How are you guys? You know, and he was working on the ground. तो he said कि यार मसला यह हुआ है कि everybody is very sympathetic obviously and so a lot of people are sending a lot of money and a lot of products and a lot of things but they're all doing it through like a 100 different threads. Mhmm. And so for a lot of people जो बड़ेदार हैं वह तो बड़ेदार हैं but for a lot of these other sort of non profit exercises वह जाते हैं, वह touch करते हैं जैसे ही base edge of the flood affected area. तो एक एक खानदान को बीस बीस items जा रहे हैं. Requirement तीन की थी. और उसे दो चार पांच छह kilometer अंदर जब आप जाते हैं at the heart of the problem तो वो लोग भूखे बैठे हुए. क्यों? क्योंकि the difference between अपनी मदद आप versus structured state led, intervention, वो ये है कि वो लोग पर ज़ाहिर है कि हर चीज़ को बहुत structured तरीक़े से चलाएंगे. वो देखेंगे अच्छा कहां कहां कहां पर हमारी you know इमदात गई है, हमने किस तरह sustainable तरीक़े से इसको solve करना है and so on and so forth. And then he was fairly annoyed. He was like, you know, all all of this is actually creating more problems than than solutions for us. In that context and again I am not discounting the fact कि जहां पर state नहीं करने की कोशिश की है वहां पर बहुत complaints भी आई हैं और inefficiencies, incompetence, corruption वो सारी चीज़ें notwithstanding. But जो आपका Pakistan का जो तर्ज है institutional non profit का तो पहला मेरा सवाल institutional non profit का था कि वो legally बड़ा difficult हो गया है but दूसरा मेरा सवाल है कि जो overall non profit and outside of the mainstream structures जो एक निज़ाम चल रहा है वह is is is not a very efficient way to to spend our resources. वही वाली बात है कि you you know, give a man a fish and he'll be back for the next day. And you teach him how to fish. A different thing altogether. Right? You're not optimizing your spend. So what do you think about that?
So I would say, like, every every, you know, as far as the sectors are concerned, everybody is part of the problem but everybody is also part of the solution and that should be, think everyone should realize that. किसी को single out करके blame करना I think is, is probably not, optimal. और इसमें यह है कि, you know, it is a, one has to proceed with like, just because, let's not make exceptions the rule or let's not make it's it's innocent until proven guilty. Right. तो उस उस निज़ाम की तरीके आप आगे बढ़ेंगे. यह कोई नहीं मैं कह रहा कि यह नहीं हो सकता कि जी not profits अच्छा नहीं काम कर रही है या उनके अंदर funding आती है, वह गलत तौर पर इस्तेमाल की होती बिल्कुल हो सकता है. लेकिन आप निज़ाम ऐसा change करें ना. अब हुआ यह कि I think around 02/2001 the आहखान foundation funded a study to figure out कि इतना diaspora जो पैसा भेजता है Pakistan, उससे institutional development Pakistan में क्यों नहीं हो रही? तो professor आदिल नजम and you know, there are others, mister तारिक बनूरी others were involved in this endeavor. किताब available है Amazon पर. उसके conclusions बहुत common sensical थे कि भरोसा नहीं है. If there is a trust deficit so people don't give to institutions. They would rather march rather क्योंकि छुट्टियों पर आए हुए हैं. किसी को पता लगा उसी को directly पैसे दे दिए. तो and if there was better way, easier, if it was easier to give also, They would give more. तो उस basis पर फिर एक इदारा बना जो इस इस्लाम बार शहर में मौजूद है Pakistan center for philanthropy. Ok. Which amazingly is itself a non profit and most amazingly FBR decided that they would delegate the certification of non profits to this non profit. Right. तो जिसको PCP पप्पा मार देते है ना, that becomes a. A gold standard non profit. It doesn't have to pay taxes. Anybody donating to them can claim a tax exemption. Right. तो ज़बरदस्त काम हो गया. अगले दस साल में इन्होंने कोई दो सौ non profits को certify किया और बड़ा इनका ठीक ठाक किस्म का शुरू में due diligence process अभी भी due diligence process इनका ठीक ठाक है आपको I believe you have to be in operation for three years at least. You need to have audited financial statements. You need to have corporate structure minutes and all that. तो छह महीने तक आपको study करते हैं. आप बात करें लोगों से जिन्होंने apply किया है, आसान नहीं है. हुआ यह कि क्योंकि इसी डर से के funding की sources क्या होती हैं? फिर eventually इस पर आ गई uh-uh establishment. Right. तो वह the reasons might be valid or whatever but आप उसको you can't kill the goose that lays the golden egg. ठीक है जी? तो वो मामला थोड़ा हो गया है. अब आप वो तो approve कर देते हैं PCP वाले आगे जाकर फ़ंस गए, non profits register ही नहीं हो रही. तो आपको असल में फिर आपको अपनी अपने मांसे पर भरोसा रखना है. क्या आप कहें कि भई it's going to be innocent dental proven guilty. आप अगर फलाही काम कर रहे हैं, there has to be a पाकिस्तानी citizen और पाकिस्तानी और foreigner of पाकिस्तानी origin, nikok holder that has to be the guarantor. अगर हमने पकड़ा के यह काम कुछ और कर रहे है और उसमें lets not keep it like very nebulous. Will be very very well defined language होनी चाहिए. Clear होना चाहिए उसमें जिस तरह कभी कभी हमारी फज़ी language होती है. अगर यह हो रहा है तो फिर हम उसके नहीं consequences यह है? खुली आज़ादी. तो उससे फिर होगा यह कि आप diaspora को अपनी development में involve करेंगे. अब होता क्या है? अब मैंने इतने अट्ठाईस साल बाहर गुज़ारे हैं Pakistan से. निर्य मुर्य हमारे कोई तीन मेरे खाल में इदारे हैं. Citizens Foundation हो गया, ED Foundation हो गया, मेरे ख्याल में. तीसरा कौन सा है? SIUT कह लूंगा या दिलवी एक, उनको सारे पैसे दे देते हैं हर साल. I mean, I mean एक शहर जो है अमरीका का, जहां पाकिस्तानी से आते हैं, they give millions of dollars every year. Yeah. Can you imagine if there is mechanisms and this is what PCP was trying to do. I am a huge huge fan, advocate of PCP, Was trying to create a digital exchange. Right. जैसे startups pitch करते है and they wanted to create a mechanism ताकि भई आपका जो का theater है. अगर वह एक एक साल जाकर pitch करता है Bay Area की पाकिस्तानी community को कि जी हमारा यह plan है, यह vision है. हमें kindly एक लाख dollar दे दें. Bay Area की पाकिस्तानी community millions देती है. उसमें से वह कहते चलो इस साल हम एक लाख इनको दे देते हैं और जोका चार चार लग गई. हां. That's what needs to happen. We have to kind of enable पाकिस्तानीs to become stakeholders in this country's institutional development. तो यह यह बातें करने की है, इन बातों पर इतफाकर आए काम कर काम करने की ज़रूरत है. इसमें जो दुनिया का rock star है ना, वह है Netherlands. Right? It's not Scandinavia. Scandinavia is a welfare, are welfare states. Netherlands is not a welfare state. Netherlands is an optimal state. It basically is a highly competitive economy, one of the most competitive in the world. It is, it's also got, a functioning, very well functioning government, that provides welfare to its people, good education, good health care, nurturing of community. Then a very very, अभी आपने जो बात की है कहने को पाकिस्तानी बहुत पैसा देते हैं. Not really, actually if you look at the data. The कुछ सालों की just because as part of this course that I took, at that point Netherlands was the country that gave the most to, donated the most to, private non for profits as a percentage of GDP. Private giving as a percentage of GDP, most in the world, Netherlands. Also, the most number of people employed by the not for profit sector as a percentage of total workforce Netherlands. Net नतीजा क्या है? चाहे आप देखें social ideals, environmental ideals देख लें. चाहे आप culture को देख लें. चाहे आप research को देख लें. Nobel laureates को देख लें. I mean there is no dimension that The Netherlands does not rock. So anyways, I'll that it's a role model. So I really feel like थोड़ी tangent पर बात है. मैं कहता हूं जिस किस्म की हमें दुनिया मिली हुई है ना जो कि उसी डग्गर पर चले चली जा रही है to try to make geographic alliances to encircle each other and then that by definition is divisive जिस पर फिलड़ाई हो जाती है. उससे एक बहुत बेहतर model हो सकता है जो कि एक half hearted सा हुआ in the nonline movement लेकिन I think उसके करने वालों के पास खुद capacity नहीं थी लेकिन अगर Netherlands जैसे मुल्क सामने आए और कहें भई असल में रिहासत ऐसे चलनी चाहिए जिसमें बराबरी हो एक तो genie index भी अच्छा हो, you know. जिसमें inclusiveness हो लेकिन competitiveness हो सारी चीज़ें हों. क्योंकि अगर आप मुझे इकबाल का वह शेर नहीं याद लेकिन you know फर्ज से बनती है you know मुमले का kind of thing है. वह एक शेर है बड़ा अच्छा मुझे याद है. तो वह अगर आप Myers Briggs test करके देख लें तो at at our root we are we have a proclivity. We have a tendency to be a certain person who will thrive in a certain environment. Right. तो अगर हम एक idealist हैं और हमें धक हमारे पास option ही नहीं है. हमें धका मार के जो business में डाल दिया या हुकूमत ने दिया. ना सिर्फ हम खुद सड़ेंगे, हम बाकी सबको सड़ाएंगे, you know. हां. तो आपको structure करना है, organizationally ऐसे मुल्क को structure करना है कि सब अपने Optimized role में हो. Optimized role में हो. खुश हों और function अच्छा करें और पूरी society को आकर लेकर जाएं और यह आपने जो करना है यह शहरों के level पर भी करना है और फिर eventually जो रियासत को चला रहे हैं उनको रियासत के level पर भी maintain करना है. लेकिन कहानी शहरों की है इसमें और जैसे हमारे doctor महबूबुल हक ने human development index बनाया था. I think the time has come that we create an index to say कि what is our inventory look like? Let's distribute our GDP, this metropolis' GDP जो हमारे बड़े बड़े शहर हैं. How is it distributed across these three sectors? Government funded, for profit, not for profit and particularly in these key sectors और अगर वह imbalance है, skewness है, उसको address करें in impartial manner. तो my hypothesis is कि we will be moving towards a path to sustainable social and economic evolution. Makes sense, makes sense. थोड़ा सा मैं आपको revert back करूंगा and you switched
from this hardcore financial sector to edtech. Education भी आपकी उसी में थी. MBA के form बाद आपने switch किया था. क्या वजह थी and how was that experience then जो आपने उसके बाद almost a decade you worked in that sector?
Yeah, so foreign MBA के बाद तो मैं venture capital में गया जिसकी मेरी नियत भी थी. लेकिन हुआ यह कि दो साल बाद financial crisis आ गई America में. So, I was last and first out. So, तो मैंने कहा कि हालात कुछ गंभीर से लग रहे हैं. अब कोई पता नहीं अब तो. It was really murky. The future looked very murky for third party fund management. तो मैंने कहा, I need to do something else. So, इत्तेफ़ाक़ से degree की हुई थी. तो degree तो degree होती है फिर. तो I was able to switch over to private education company but it was a for profit education company. तो मेरा दिल नहीं लग रहा था उसमें. I felt like I had a real estate job. I was basically, they were looking to expand their network in The US. तो मैं
anyways. Universities थी या private? Private schools.
अच्छा. Private schools. How big is the private school system in The US? जिन्हें Pakistan में तो it's huge, right? Yeah, yeah, no America में it's not huge और उनको फिर पता लग गया कि यह नहीं करना चाहिए America because countries that take education seriously have a well funded public education school system. आप, you can you can only, play on the margins. Private schools are playing private and they are mostly non profit in the school space. They are either doing equity or they are doing excellence. या वो बहुत ही कोई innovative किस्म के schools हैं या वो equity create कर रहे हैं. मोटा मोटा हिसाब तो हुकूमत का है. जी यहां भी होना चाहिए. What do you mean by equity? कि अगर कुछ ऐसे इलाके हैं जहां क्योंकि जैसे America में भी मसला है you know हुई हुई gerrymandering ghettos हैं, बुरी हालत है. तो उसमें अगर जाकर कोई not for profit school बनाता है to really cater to, to establish the proof of concept कि नहीं यह बच्चों का कसूर नहीं है. यह इस जिस तरह यहां property taxes जमा हो रहे हैं उस तरह तो. Makes sense. And then you moved from that to noon? याद में आना आपने अपने खान academy में mention हां किया तो वह, that was I was just at the right place at the right time. I was not thriving in the job. I was I was in the education sector. Had switched over to education, working for an education company. तो yeah, just मेरा अपना sort of दिल बहलाने के लिए फिर मैंने कहा खान academy was something I had used while in business school for financial statements. तो उस वक्त तक सलमान जो था वह, he hadn't started an organization. He was still kind of doing his own thing, like you in a room making content. तो, तो मैंने सोचा यार यह तो कर रहा है maths तो मुझे भी आते मैंने तो bachelor's degree की हुई है तो क्यों ना मैं इसके English के videos उड़ दूं? मैं translate करना शुरू कर देता हूं. तो मैं शाम को या weekends पर बैठकर I would just watch his video and हफ्ते में तीन चार तो मैं निकाल लेता था. उनके ऊपर मैं उर्दू में बना लेता था. तो मैं कर रहा था. फिर इत्तेफ़ाक़ से हमारी एकदम मुलाकात हो गई. He had become famous by that point but he was still a one man show. तो यह आप known की बात कर रहे हैं? Academy. खान academy, yeah. So I don't know how much you know about खान academy. I I've heard a lot about it but I just don't know much about it. Sir, it became a phenomenon in The US and the world, I would say. तो सलमान, you know, went to MIT, went to, you know, born and raised in The US, went to Harvard. He just started making YouTube videos. So he's considered a pioneer of edtech because he created content that went viral, in the world. तो, so I told him I am, you know, recreating your content in उर्दू. So, मैंने उसको अपनी YouTube channel दी तो उसने content देखा हो सका यह तो this is pretty good and you know. तो anyways long story short I I got pulled in to the founding team of Khan Academy. Google gave us the a grant. It was a not for profit. तो वह काम चलता रहा. That was my first foray into edtech. तो फिर edtech का टीका लग गया. उसके बाद फिर मैं एक और company के लिए मैंने काम किया which was a startup, which was a for profit startup. It was called Edmodo, venture backed and I stayed with them for a number of years. That had no content of its own. It was sort of a LinkedIn for teachers, and they could manage their classrooms as well. Then the third company was Noon, which was a mobile tutoring platform, live tutoring.
अच्छा. What's the idea? क्या आप जो है वह, it connects people who want to tutor and people who are looking for tutors? And that's, it's like an Uber for tutors?
Yeah, you can say that. It's basically it was it's basically disrupting the after school tuition industry.
अच्छा, yeah. और यह कौन सी market में operate करें?
शुरू actually Saudi Arabia से हुआ. और venture backed over there and then because most of the teachers were Egyptian, तो it moved into Egypt. Then it's come to South Asia, Pakistan, India. So Pakistan is now the largest or the second largest user base for Noon.
And उनके जो tutors होते हैं वह क्या होते हैं? Like are they, मतलब can anybody be a tutor? Or is it more कि वह अपना एक set of tutors hire करते हैं और वह फिर tutoring provide करते हैं? अपने hire करते हैं. Eventually
the goal is of course open the like create a bringing the shared economy to this space as well but Quality की वजह से होती Quality is important and वह काम आसान इसलिए हो गया क्योंकि unfortunately the private tuition, after school tuition industry is booming क्योंकि आपके you know schools haven't kept up with the population so जो नानीगरामी आपके tutors हैं, सबको पता होता है. हिंदी इस्लाम बाद law और कराची सबको पता होता है. So, you're basically convincing these tutors to come online. If they want to continue to teach offline, they can do that. But by coming online, they're able to serve a lot more students. I, within, I think, the two first two years, we were we crossed 2,000,000, students, and we were doing it with 200 teachers. अच्छा. Yeah. In Pakistan. Yeah.
Very cool. What are you doing now? I know that you left the noon academy job.
Noon academy job? Yeah. Yeah, noon academy था. Originally नाम पर उन्होंने मौफ़ cricket noon tech कर दिया क्योंकि वह academy नहीं पसंद था.
So so they wanna push out the digital first वाला element, I think. But so what are you doing now? Or what are your focus areas now?
Yeah. So, you know, I'm at this stage of my life. I'm 50. दूसरी नींग का आवाज़ हो चुका है. Right. तो हल्की आंच पर कहीं देखें चढ़ाई हुई थी काफ़ी अरसे से. Just didn't know, when I would do those things. तो also for, so personal reasons, you know, I moved to Dubai. So there are many things, that I'm involved. And one of the things one was a passion project to ensure that, quality education becomes more accessible. Mhmm. And it's in the realm of the possible actually. We can do, stuff quite, rapidly. So, एक project जो शुरू किया था, ढाई साल पहले, जो कि था कि खान academy का critically acclaimed content, तो उसका जो STEM content, sciences का content और जो finance और economics का content है, पांच हज़ार videos हैं. उसको उनको recreate करना उर्दू में. तो उनमें से तीन हज़ार एक सौ हो चुके हैं और अगले साल के आखिर तक सारा हो चुका होगा. So, it's a, you know, it's a, it's an amazing team of content creators. That's all going back like being fed back into Khan Academy? Yeah. It's available for free. As the content is being created, it's on Khan Academy's, Khan Academy Urdu YouTube channel. They have a landing page as well. We are in the process right now of creating an interface that provides a a tutorialized navigation, for, self motivated learners as well as teachers to I mean, the the great part is, you know, एक वह, military term होती है double pincer के आप you are engaged with the with the rising challenge you know enemy. तो आपने एक flank आप right side पर भेजते हैं, एक left पर भेजते हैं. That has to cut and remove all challengers on the sides and meet up at the back. If they are able to meet up at the back, then you have significant strategic advantage in the battlefield. तो उस analogy को अगर आप तालीम में लेकर आएं तो आपका challenge यह है कि आपके पास सत्तर million बच्चे हैं स्वस्थ School age जिसमें से तेईस million तो school में ही नहीं है. बीस million कमस कम government schools जा रहे हैं और उनको घटिया ताली मिल रही है. बीस millions low cost private school जा रहे उनको घटिया ताली मिल रही है. तो तेईसठ पर तो हम ऐसे ही पहुंच गए. So, what's the game plan here? You know, well the game plan ought to be to make very high quality asynchronous content जिसे कहा जाता है on demand content. Live नहीं, on demand content. Make that available easily like to figure out. So it's it's automatically personalized and student centric कि वह ढूंढने क्या वह समझना चाहते हैं. दूसरी तरफ live tutoring आपने scale करनी है जो कि आप online कर सकते हैं काफी rapidly. यह दोनों अगर आपस में मिल जाते हैं तो आपने in essence आपने quality education ubiquitous कर दी और यह in the realm of the possible है कुछ सालों में. तो उस पर काम, उस समय मैं involved हूं.
Do you think पाकिस्तानी Pakistan जैसे निज़ाम में? क्योंकि again I have spoken to a few edtech folks here and generally the scale has been fairly slow. The uptake has been fairly slow. Mostly वह क्या कर रहे हैं कि वह high school को target कर रहे हैं, और हम आपको dedicated subjects में जहां पर आपको grades चाहिए board के या universities में घुसने या CSS का exam देना है. So very focused on targets, right? Mhmm. जब हम बात करते हैं आपने जितना कहा कि 10% जो है वह और 10% को भी कोई बहुत कमाल की तालीब नहीं मिल रही but यह है कि उसको आप कमा कम, you can leave them at their own parallel and they'll work something out. 90%, 63,000,000 out of 70, are basically, they're not getting anything really if you think about it. So you really have to work on them ground up and make sure that क्योंकि जब मैं education की बात करता हूं तो रट्टा लगाया हुआ वह तो modern day में चलेगा ही नहीं. अभी तो आज जो AI का system चल रहा है कि content writing से लेकर videos, images हर चीज़ ही चल रही है तो यह तो दो ढाई तीन साल की game है कि उसके अंदर technical skills तो irrelevant हो जाएंगी. You need human human capabilities. You need thought in everything. Which means कि आपको जो जो formidable years में आपको जो core तारी मिल रही है, उस तालीम ने आपका दिमाग़ कितना खोला? कितनी critical thinking आपके अंदर inculcate की? वह काम जो है वह eventually जाकर आपका आगे जाकर आपको impact करेगा. तो जो अभी भी मुझे EdTech में होता हुआ नज़र आ रहा है वह mostly यही है कि यार वह जो existing निज़ाम है जो निज़ाम है ही नहीं future proof उस निज़ाम के अंदर disruption आ रही है. अगर हम बात करते हैं early education की, primary education की, mass market education की, there was this Oranda वाले आए हुए थे तालीमाबाद के नाम से वह कर रहे हैं काम. But then उनका मसला वही आ जाता कि वह scale नहीं provide कर पा रहे, uptake नहीं है, consumer confidence बिल्कुल भी नहीं है. हास पूरा radically like my my driver came to me one day and he was like, you know, I have a smartphone. I have the access to the internet. Can you tell me something that I can give to my child? So that and and I could see from his eyes that he he was like, you know, like, can I essentially, वह कहना यह चाहता है? Can I give him something? Can I give her something that will bridge the gap between your children and my children, you know, without having to say it? And the fact is I didn't I couldn't think of anything. Why? Because when I say अगर मुझे पता है content बहुत ज़्यादा exist करता है. YouTube के ऊपर खान academy है, यह है, वह है but all of that is very you look for the content, not driven in a way कि वह mass market के के behavior के around mass market को guide करें कि यार so school का क्या फ़ायदा है ना? वह guided, organized learning है. जो कि majority of the people do not have the time, energy or the understanding कि मैंने अपने अगली generationओं किस तरह से train करना है तो you have a very structured निज़ाम. Digitization के ऊपर वह यही हो रहा है कि you know आपने there there are no real products जिसमें मैं किसी एक बंदे को बता दूं कि भाई तू यह app download कर ले क्योंकि जो actual honest to god problem है वह यही है कि बच्चे को phone या जो भी digital device है उसके ऊपर x amount of time parents की ज़िम्मेदारी है वह लगाए. बच्चा उसके ऊपर लगाए और दस साल बाद है कि Pakistan में यह possibility है क्या Pakistan में इसके ऊपर काम हो रहा है? हो रहा है तो किस level पर हो रहा है? How do you see this problem?
खुलकर बात हो सकती है. खुलकर बात करें sir. तो तो भई ऐसा है कि जो हमें तालीमी नज़ाम मिला हुआ है और हम सिमराह खाली Pakistan या पूरी दुनिया को इस पर तफाके रहे कि वह bankrupt हो चुका है. Bankrupt इस लिहाज से के जो उसका purported मकसद था कि जी हम तालीन दे रहे हैं और तालीन क्या दे रहे हैं, वह तो वह कर नहीं रहा. तो, you know, education leaders like Ken Robinson who recently passed away and you know there was this gentleman John Dewey who's considered the father of progressive education in The US. He's I think sixties में शायद उनका इंतताल हो गया था. वह उनका यह था कि जी doing is is just as important if not more important than learning. So मामला application की तरफ जा रहा है. यह इंतिहान और homework, चूम्वाकी जो है यह तो यह तो proxies हैं. यह grades के पीछे आप पढ़ गए. उस बत्ती के पीछे लग गए आप. आपने age stratify कर दिया पूरी अपने बच्चों को. कोई ज़रूरत नहीं थी यह करने की. आज से शायद दो सौ साल पहले जो निज़ाम था तो एक एक New York public school system का एक teacher था जिसने पैंतीस साल पढ़ाया. जिस साल उसको award दिया गया कि the best teacher उसने design कर दिया. उसने किताब लिखी weapons of mass instruction. वह जब आप देखते हैं ना तो उसमें उसने कहा हुआ है कि जी ठीक है बड़ा अच्छा हुआ civil war में you know slavery के खिलाफ जंग जीती गई लेकिन एक काम जो हो गया कि industry का गठजोड़ education के साथ हो गया. तो बड़ा overtly यह कोई covert बात नहीं हुई कि भाई पढ़ाने का क्या मकसद है? पढ़ाने का मकसद है कि आप employee produce करें और consumer produce करें. यही तरफ़ की है. हां? तो यही हुआ. तो अब अब अगर आपकी सोचने वाले नहीं, you know, if you're not producing luminary, multiluminary geniuses, not enough of them, It's your education system that's responsible for it. So, now countries have made that bet. Certain countries अभी इतनी esoteric बात नहीं रही. You know, I've been to Finland, I've been to their schools, you know, they've made that bet. अब यह कहना कितने वह छोटे मुल्क हैं, बहुत homogeneous है. ठीक है वह बातें सारी सही हैं. लेकिन हम उनसे कुछ ना कुछ सीख के उनको किस level, किसी level पर proof of concepts अपने भी ecosystem में adopt कर सकते हैं. एक मैं मिसाल दूंगा. हम जब eighties में इधर सन्नति नुमाइश हुआ करती थी. तो हम लोग जाया करते थे and it left an impression even though it was a very bureaucratic kind of an affair but I it really left an impression. Similar to that there is a make affairs happen in The US and elsewhere. तो जो California का था Bay Area का make affair वो ज़बरदस्त होता है. San Mateo में होता है. पूरा शहर पहुंचा हुआ होता है. It's like मीना बाज़ार type casino होता है, you know खाना पीना और सैकड़ों stalls लगे हुए होते हैं. जहां हर किस्म के, हर उमर के लोग चीज़ें बेच रहे होते हैं बना के और वह बनाई हुई चीज़ें खाली technology की नहीं होती, handicrafts भी होती हैं. लेकिन it like really nurtures, nurtures a tinkering culture, a prototyping culture. दो महीने पहले की बात है कि मैं London में था तो second booster मैंने लगवाना था. तो जब मैं खड़ा हुआ टीका लगवाने के लिए line में लगा था जो मेरे साथ आगे जो बंदा खड़ा था उसने एक वह एक पहिए का skateboard होता है अपने साथ रखा था. तो पहली दफा मुझे याद आया कि पहली दफा मैंने जो skateboard देखा तो वह मैंने San Mateo के maker fair में देखा था. एक young बंदे ने बनाया था. So he's been able to commercialize that product. So anyways but it's not just about where we are right now. A lot of things can we can if we put our heads together, we can actually create a prototyping culture because पक्की नौकरियों का ज़माना ही ख़त्म हो चुका है. We actually have to now prototype solutions at our price point and particularly अगर हम थोड़ी सी और हिम्मत करके कहें कि यह हमने actually इसमें हमने जो already material exist करता है उसी से बनानी है चीज़ें और यह हमारे यहां जो गाड़ का culture पुराना रहा है. तो बात अब अब जिस तरफ education जा रही है it's becoming a lot more modular definitely at the higher education level but also it's people are talking कि school education भी इस तरह ही होनी चाहिए कि आप apply करेंगे, आप कुछ online सीखेंगे, कुछ और offline सीखेंगे. But towards an end, towards something that you're, that you're building. तो क्या? Like I mean this area that I have recently become very passionate about. मैंने दो महीने का भी course लिया है.
किस चीज़ का था वह?
Circular economy. अच्छा, what does that mean? It basically means because the imperative is climate change. Mhmm. So it's basically now again the leading country is Netherlands in this capacity के हम हम तो recycling की बात करते हैं लेकिन actually हमारा आवे का आवे ही बिगड़ा हुआ है के हम हम एक जिस तरह industry हमारी operate करती है वह consumer को feed करती है, consumer को target करती है, consumer goods लेता है और वह इस्तेमाल करके फेंक देता है, उससे कूड़ा बनाता है. तो अब वह they are trying to nudge industry and government to think in a manner that everything should be designed. It's a design philosophy so that products are made in a modular manner so that beyond their productive lifetime they become raw materials for other products and this impacts electronics, textiles, construction, everything, Services. तो यह हो रहा है और यह companyयां जो हैं वह जा रही हैं वह शहरों से करती हैं कि हम आपको बताएंगे आपका circularity gap क्या है? इसको आप किस तरह reduce कर सकते हैं by just अपनी industry जो आपकी हैं यह आपस में link की just create करें. Just design differently. Interesting interesting.
थोड़ा सा मैं conversation कुछ change करूंगा. You know, you've been back to Pakistan after a very very long time. पहला तो अगर मैं simple बताऊं कि simple सवाल करूं, Eighties के Pakistan और आज के Pakistan को मंदिर नज़र रखते हुए because you had a gap then of maybe what? Ten, twenty, twenty years. How do you see Pakistan right now? And are you... Because the fact is the people are very demotivated. Particularly this year, the entire world is collapsing, but Pakistan seems even more so. Why are you certainly looking at Pakistan at a time when it seems like there's nothing that can help save this country?
I don't think I'm biased, and I'll share that I'm fairly well traveled. मैंने, हर continent देखा हुआ है, barring Australia and New Zealand. Have traveled extensively. I have traveled been to 57 countries. I have lived in six. So देख ली दुनिया. पता लग गया. तो सबका यह हाल है. And जो developing दुनिया है उसको तो सभी का यह हाल है. So we are no different and I actually find Pakistan pretty exciting because यहां पर कुछ चीज़ें हो गई हैं. यहां पर telecom deregulate हो चुका है. यहां पर media, ठीक है, you can have your opinion but privatize हो चुका है. तो अब जो अब unfortunately जो बात होती है this is kind of like a controversial thing to say but I think one should call it out because क्योंकि रियासत के स्तुओं जो हैं वह सही नहीं बैठे शुरू इस दिन से तो फिर आपका आपकी रियासत जो है its vulnerable to being held hostage by interest groups. तो वो होता रहा है. शुरू दिन से होता रहा है. तो जिसको भी रियासत का access मिलता है वो उसको यरगमाल करता है. तो उसका तो एक ही तोड़ है. At the risk of sounding biased, इंसाफ. Right. The rule of law, you know. Right. इसका तो तोड़ एक ही तो I hope we build a democratic consensus around that to move forward.
But do you think कि overall generally मतलब how how do you feel long term projection रोपाक जाने? कल बड़ी मज़े की report आई. पचहत्तर में Pakistan जो top होगा. तो मुझे बड़ा interesting लगा कि गोरे भाई ने आकर आपको एक बड़ी अच्छी picture दी और हम पाकिस्तानियों ने उसमें भी बताया कि what's the negative angle to that? How is your long term projection for Pakistan?
Yeah, you know, so I, you know, it so happened कि एक बड़ा मेरी ज़िंदगी में अजीबोगरीब वाक्य हुआ कि somebody I knew related to ended up being, fairly influential figure in this country. तो जब मैं अपनी छुट्टियों पर आता था तो you know as a drawing room में गपशप लग रही है. तो academic बाद गपशप लग रही है. तो कई दफा हो सकता था कि बात करते करते बड़ी heated sea तू तू मैं मैं हो जाती थी. अभी मैं सोचता था यार मैं क्या कर रहा हूं? मैं तो नहीं करना चाहता था मतलब कि अगर वह मैं तो किसी को गुस्सा नहीं तो लाना चाहता था ऐसी academic conversation कर रहा था. नहीं करनी तो ना करें. इसका लेकिन मैंने कहा इसका मुझे the burden lies on me कि to figure this out. And classic management consulting style मैंने एक two by two metrics अपने दिमाग में बनाया and so one dimension was empowerment level. Is the person disempowered or are they empowered? The other dimension was conformity. Are they conformist or are they non conformist? And as the name suggests, empowerment क्योंकि मैं अगर जो चाहूं मैं कर सकता हूं या मैं नहीं कर सकता? दूसरा है कि क्या अगर कुछ हमेशा से होता रहे, क्या यह हमेशा होता रहेगा? या ऐसा भी है तारीख का आपको इतना मुताला है और आपने इतना travel किया हुआ है. आपको पता है कि ऐसे मुल्क भी हैं जिन्होंने रवांडा जैसे, जहां ethnic अभी हुआ है ethnic genocide लेकिन वह चार चांद लग चुके हैं. हां. तो अगर आपको जब इल्म होता है इन चीज़ों का तो फिर आप कहते हैं नहीं. तो आप कहते हैं ऐसे भी लोग हैं यहां पर. इसमें कोई शक्ति नहीं है. बहुत अकलियत में है. बहुत कम है इस किस्म के लोग लेकिन है. इसी ecosystem में luck of the draw कह ले. Who are empowered because they feel like अगर वो convince हो गए किसी चीज़ के वो कर सकते है and they are non conformist. They also feel के just because होता रहे इसका ये मतलब नहीं है हमेशा होता रहेगा गुर मुख्तरव भी हो जाएगा. वो they are a pleasure to engage with. They give you energy and you know I like I would like to support them as well. But unfortunately and for no fault of their own because मुझे पता है कि मुझे बस समझ आ गई कि अगर आप यह किसी शख्स से बात कर रहे हैं और आप बात कर रहे जी तब्दीली की और आप ऐसे करे उस शख्स को आप पर गुस्सा आने लगता है क्योंकि तो उनको जो सुनाई दे रही है वह फिर इस कुस्म की बातें करने लगते हैं. आपके मेरे ख्याल में आप मुल्क से बहुत दूर रह गए हैं. मतलब कि आपको नहीं पता यहां पर क्या होता है. मेरे भाई, मतलब कि मेरे भाई आप यकीन जाने यह इस्त्रा नहीं होता यहां पर या आप नहीं कर सकते. मैं भी नहीं कर सकता, आप भी नहीं कर सकते. You know, so इस किस्म के dialogue show हो जाते हैं और फिर आप उस पर अगर इस्त्रार करेंगे then you know things get bad. So, no fault of their own. I do feel like the system is making people disempowered and conformist. Right. It like NOCS. अगर वह कभी उनकी बच्चे की तो फितरत में है सवाल पूछना. हां. अगर वह तो हमें उसको address करना.
Makes sense. मैं इसको wrap up करना चाहूंगा. मैं normally एक दो हज़ार पचास का सवाल पूछता हूं वैसे उन्होंने जवाब दे ही दिया अपने उसमें.
Do you think? Actually sorry दो हज़ार पचास वालों में सवाल
उसका जवाब हां. हां, चलिए उसके बाद आते पर then one question before that. How, you know अब मैं आजकल और इस चीज़ें मैं बहुत सोच रहा हूं and the reason for asking you is again because आप macro के ऊपर बहुत सारी चीज़ों को एक तो देख रहे होते हैं. दूसरा यह कि you were very close one way over the other to powerful circles in Pakistan by proxy of your father. Whether you liked it or not, you were just sort of born into it. For two weeks vacation show, you can see that. Yeah yeah. And so, बंदे को एक कमज़ कम एक घड़ी की दर जा रही है, यह क्या हो रहा है, वह क्या हो रहा है? It's fine. मैं generally जब देखता हूं ना तो मैं देखता हूं दस से पंद्रह साल बाद की leadership और यह मैं बहुत दफ़ा podcast अभी दोहरा चुका हूं कि पंद्रह साल बाद सत्तर फीसद current cabinet अल्लाह ताला के पास होगी because of their age and their average life expectancy. That also includes a large number of, people that we all know and look up to for answers to our problems. Within that quadrant, a large part of them have come to these positions, not because they were rich and powerful forever. हमें लगता यह है क्योंकि noisy वाले वह हैं but more often than not काफ़ी सारे ऐसे हैं जो student unions के through आए, जो और बहुत सारे इस तरह के mechanisms के through industry में grow किया गया, industry में grow करके फिर flip करके politics में आ गए. Eighties में और और late seventies और eighties में आपकी यह student unions ban हो गई, discourse ख़त्म होना शुरू हो गई. By and large हमने civil society को बहुत हद तक disconnect कर दिया and because of terrorism and everything as well, जो हमारी mobilization होती है जहां पर leaders alternatively, not just political leaders, leaders as a whole emerge करना शुरू करते हैं. वह मुझे personally लगता है कि बीस पच्चीस साल इस मुल्क ने leaders नहीं बनाए. पुराने कुछ leaders थे जिन leaders को फिर हमने थोड़ा सा साफ़ सूफ़ करके उनको दरमियान में integrate कर दिया but for most part हमने leaders नहीं बनाए. High school पर कुछ लोग यह ज़रूर कह सकते हैं कि नहीं जी देखें अभी political parties हैं, उनके youth wings हैं, वह नीचे से करें but again एक एक आपकी वह street वाले जो leaders emerge कर रहे वह political leaders हैं जो कि rhetoric ज़्यादा substance कम. Student union वाला बड़ा debate के साथ आता था. You know, एक तरह फिर आए रखने वाला होता था. समझ आती थी कि यार मैंने unify किस तरह करना है. बहुत सारी और इसके aspects थे. उसकी जो upbringing थी उसमें चीज़ें फ़र्क़ थी. आपको क्या लगता है कि आने वाले वक़्त के leaders Pakistan में कहां से आऐंगे? और when when the when the shift comes because when I look at Pakistan as a as someone who is trying to unpack Pakistan and particularly twenty fifty का Pakistan. Am trying to unpack. उसका एक तरीका एक कार्य है ना. आप देखते आप business leader से बात करते हैं. आपको वह मुझे नई नज़र आ रही Pakistan के अंदर. Dynasts हैं and I am speaking to them as well जो अगली generation उनकी हैं potentially शायद वह lead करें. But what are your thoughts on the future leadership of Pakistan or the lack thereof?
Yeah, you know, just by chance, you know, I found myself in a certain situation. मैं मैं मैं अपनी दादी के बहुत तरीक था. तो business school से बिल्कुल पहले वह बहुत अच्छे से मुझसे कह रही थी उनका जो बचपना था वह Delhi में गुज़रा था. तो so उन्होंने एक दो दफा मुझसे कहा कि मैं मरने से पहले जाना चाहती हूं. तो ख़ैर जब मुझे मेरा दाखला हो गया तो मैंने उनको कहा कि चलें. मेरे पास थोड़ा वक़्त है चलने चलते. तो मैं आया Pakistan visa लगवाया, दादी कभी visa लगवाया, हम जहाज पर चढ़े. वह उठाकर हम Delhi पहुंच गए. अच्छा जी, वहां तो I didn't realize कि both countries were at that stage because my father was in power at that time, would use that opportunity as a confidence building measure for the two countries, you know? तो वह तो scene ही बिल्कुल over the top किस्म का हो गया. Press conferences हो रही हैं जहां जा रहे हैं और and you know my my grandmother poor thing just didn't have the capacity to deal with it. तो, in lieu of that I had to deal with it. ख़ैर जो भी हुआ वह drama शामा हो गया, ख़त्म भी हो गया. लेकिन एक दिन मुझे उन्होंने इतला दी high commissioner ने कि आपसे राहुल गांधी मिलना चाहता है. मैंने कहा अच्छा. मैंने कहा मिल लेते हैं. तो खैर मैं उनके घर पहुंच गया. तो within two minutes of talking to him मुझे अंदाज़ा हुआ कि उससे यह कहा गया कि मैं उससे मिलना चाहता था. तो मैंने कहा ख़ैर अब क्या बदतमीज़ी करनी है कि मैं तो नहीं तुमसे मिलना चाहता था. तो ख़ैर मैंने कहा ठीक है, बैठे में तो बैठे में. I really tried to have a conversation with him कि यार कैसी ज़िंदगी है. You know, I tried to make some like light hearted comments. वह मुझसे हुआ नहीं. कोई साहब भी खड़े हुए थे कमरे के अंदर मेरे ख्याल में Congress की थे. तो ख़याल कोई बात नहीं हुई. Meaningful कि मज़ा मज़ा नहीं आया. तो जाने से पहले मेरा बड़ा जी चाहा कि मैं उससे कोई बड़ी एकदम ना over the net किस्म की बात कह दूं कि मेरे भाई यह बिल्कुल करने की ज़रूरत नहीं है. जो भी है ना script लिखी हुई, walk away. Just know it you don't have to do this. It is actually your choice. Yeah. चाहे लोग आपको जो मर्ज़ी है कह रहे हो, it's your choice. So, मैं बड़े बोल नहीं बोलना चाहता. मैं खाली यह कहूंगा कि it's it's a choice. So, it's like देखें एक एक Stanford का professor था Jim Collins जो strategy पढ़ाया करता था उसने फिर आगे जाकर उसने एक research institute बनाई to study management. तो उसने किताब लिखी थी good to great. Have you read it? I have read Fantastic book. यक़नी है MBA की. तो उसमें उसने यही कहा था कि जी लंबी बात हो जाएगी लेकिन he just studied what makes you know, he's looked at all the publicly traded companies and he basically identified 13 companies, his team did, which were third rate companies. As far back as the management and the employees could remember, they were underperforming the S and P 500 by multiples you know third rate companyयां सब समझते थे हम तो third rate है लेकिन कुछ हुआ जिसकी वजह से वह companyयां जो हैं they then went chartered on a course that they were outperforming the S and P 500 by magnitudes for fifteen years. तो भाई क्या हुआ? वो किताब उसके बारे में. तो उसमें से कई पहलू है लेकिन एक जो पहलू उसने mention किया उसने कहा level five leadership. Level five leadership is when a leader sets his successor up for greater success than themselves. So it requires like longer term thinking in terms of you know setting your successor up for greater success, you know, succession planning करनी है greater inclusion. So and this ties on up to the twenty fifty question as well के you know question that used to consume me as well was के आप बहुत desire करते हैं कि यार यह sea change आ जाए जिस तरह English में कहते हैं ना कि यह समंदर जो है जो आपको बिल्कुल ही तूफानी लगता है यह किसी तरह थम जाए. वह आपके बस की बात नहीं है चीज़. इसका यह मतलब नहीं कि आप बिल्कुल ना उम्मीद हो जाएं. इसका मतलब यह है कि समंदर के बारे में सोचना छोड़ दें, जज़ीरों के बारे में सोचें और ज़्यादा जज़ीरों के बारे में मत सोचें. इक्के दुख के बस को पकड़ लें. आप इस ज़मीन पर इतनी देर के लिए रहने वाले हैं and make sure you leave them in a better place because there is no doubt that once you have a critical mass of islands, the sea calms down. देख लें Dubai. तो work towards doing your part for the sea to calm down. Whether it will calm down, when it will calm down is anyone's guess. Is anyone's guess.
But do you think twenty fifty का Pakistan would be better than today? With no ifs and buts, but, like, what are your thoughts?
Yeah, I think it's got a lot going for it. I would, I mean it's, यार इस किसी भी बहुत ही नहीं कर सकता मैं. Can't can't go into specifics. अरे वह हां मैं वह नहीं हूं like I am, I am a rationalist. But I mean, am इसमें इसी good to great में एक और किताब, किताब में एक चीज़ लिखी हुई थी if, if I can take a minute. Yeah yeah yeah. Go for it. तो उसमें उसने कहा था कि optimism उसने study की. तो उसने उसको उसने कहा कि जाकर मैं एक admiral Scottsdale है senator. उसको जाकर मैंने कहा भाई यह बंदा इस समय मैं जाकर बात कर रहा हूं. Who is admiral Scottsdale? Arizona का. He was a POW in Vietnam. तो he was the senior most POW in his camp. खैर Vietnamese ने बड़ा torture किया इनको. तो खास तौर पर क्योंकि senior most था इसकी तो खूब रगड़ा लाया. So इसने ना सिर्फ अपना moral maintain रखा बल्कि through Morris scored क्योंकि इनको solitary कम fine में पानी के अंदर डबोए रखते थे. इसने अपने जितने भी थे ना लोगों को उनका भी moral कायम रखा. Through Morris code बात करता था उनसे क्योंकि बोलते थे तो डंडे पड़ते थे. तो यह गया इस इसका interview करने के लिए. तो और इससे सीखो समझ में सवाल पूछिए optimism. You know, tell me about what is optimism? तो कहता कि I couldn't get a straight answer from him. He wouldn't explain what it is. तो कहते हैं, okay. Well, well, tell me, then, admiral, who did not survive that experience? Let's flip the question. तो admiral scottstill कहता है the optimists did not survive that experience. तो कहता है वह, the optimist didn't survive. I think you're the ultimate optimist. कहता है no, there's a difference. There's a slight difference. कहते हैं, जो आपकी जो आपके ख्वाब और उम्मीदें होती है ना, वह आप माथे पर लेकर ही घूमते हैं. वह आप दिल में उनको दबा के रखते हैं, उनको दबा के रखते होनी चाहिए, बिल्कुल ख्वाब होने चाहिए. लेकिन वह कहते हैं जिन लोगों ने यह बढ़िया मारी कि यार इस Christmas, इस New Year हम घर जा रहे होंगे, देखना तुम. वह आ गया और चला गया क्योंकि उनका दिल टूट गया, उधर ही मार गए.
Interesting. बताल भाई, thank you so much for coming in. This is very very exciting. Pleasure was all mine. And I'm excited to see कि अब आप जो you know Pakistan के अंदर the areas of your interest are definitely much much required and needed and I hope that you're able to solve those problems soon enough. Thank you so much for taking the time out. बहुत बहुत शुक्रिया मज़हब्मिल. And for all of you guys, thank you so much for watching. अगर आपकी episode पसंद आई है तो दोस्तों यानी साथ ज़रूर share करिएगा. किसी बात से agree या ऐसे agree करते हमें comment section में आकर बताएं. What are your thoughts on all of the things that we talked about today? Audio platforms वाले subscribe के button दबाएंगे, आने वाले episodes की आपको notification मिलेगी. इसी के साथ साथ यहां पर कहीं पर easy पैसा जाए, sketch आ रहा होगा. If you'd like to support the channel, we accept anything from 1 rupee to as much as you would like. It's the thought that counts. मैं इसी के साथ यह भी बताना चाहूंगा क्योंकि बाकी हमारी जो episodes आ रही हैं आगे पीछे वह हमारी TBT गोकी आ रही हैं which were recorded earlier. So effectively this is the last podcast that we're recording in the studio, you know, for this season. I'm gonna be taking a month off, and we'll be coming back with, season four. So I would, be happy to see you there. But, anyways, this was Sayed Mazamela Sanzedi. You are watching Toward Behind Things. Thank you so much for watching, and I'll see you in the next one.
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